Class Consciousness and Class Conflict in Capture Fishery in Indonesia
Abstract views: 1908
,
FULLTEXT downloads: 384
Abstract
This paper discusses about class structure, and then followed by discussion on class consciousness and class conflict in capture fisheries in Indonesia, taking fishers in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan as the case. Data were collected from January to September 2006 intermittently, mainly through interviews with fishers, government officials, and NGO activists. This research is a qualitative research. In terms of class structure, there are four classes of fishers found in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, namely: labour fishers, small scale fishers, intermediate or medium fishers, and large scale or capitalist fishers. It is argued that class consciousness of the labour fishers has not developed yet. Therefore, labour fisher is only a class in itself, not as a class for itself. There are six factors that contribute to the underdeveloped of the class consciousness of the labour fishers. In terms of class conflict, there is a significant deviation from the pattern of class conflict described by Marx. In capture fishery, intense and violent conflict more often take place not between the capitalist or owner of the means of production and labour. Instead, it often happens between the small and intermediate with the capitalist fishers. In such a conflict, there is a strong alliance between the owner of the means of production and the labour in both camps or small and intermediate, and capitalist classes. In other word, small and intermediate fishers and their labours unite, on the other hand, capitalists and their labours also unite in this conflict.
Keyword: Balikpapan, class structure, class relation, common problem
Downloads
References
Adhuri, Dedi Supriadi, 2002. Selling the Sea, Fishing for Power: A Study of Conflict Over Marine Tenure in the Kei Islands, Eastern Indonesia. PhD Dissertation, The Australian National University
Adhuri, Dedi Supriadi dan Ary Wahyono, 2004. Konflik-konflik Kenelayanan: Distribusi, Pola Akar Masalah dan Resolusinya. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan PMB-LIPI, Jakarta 2004.
Burawoy, Michael, 1991. “Painting Socialism: Working-Class Formation in Hungary and Poland” in Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine and Rick Fantasia (editors), 1991. Bringing Class Back In. Contemporary and Historical Perspectives. Westview Press.
Carchedi, Guglielmo, 1989. “Classes and Class Analysis” dalam Wright, Erik Olin et al. The Debate on Classes. Verso.
Charles, Anthony T., 2001. Sustainable Fishery Systems. Blackwell Science.
Clement, Wallace, 1986. The Struggle to Organize. Resistance in Canada’s Fishery. McClelland and Steward, The Canadian Publishers, Toronto, Ontario.
Coser, Lewis A., 1977. Masters of Sociological Thought. Ideas in Historical and Social Context (Second Ed). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
_____________., 1956. The Functions of Social Conflict. The Free Press
Bavinck, Maarten, 2001. Marine Resource management. Conflict and Regulation in the Fisheries of the Coromandel Coast. Sage Publication.
Betke, Friedhelm, 1988. Prospect of a “Blue Revolution”in Indonesian Fisheries: A Bureaucratic Dream or Grim Reality?. Disertasi, Bielefeld University, Jerman.
Burawoy, Michael, 1991. “Painting Socialism: Working-Class Formation in Hungary and Poland” in Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine and Rick Fantasia (editors), 1991. Bringing Class Back In. Contemporary and Historical Perspectives. Westview Press.
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 1963. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan, Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap , 2006. Statistik Perikanan Tangkap Indonesia, 2004.
Fairley, Bryant. The Crisis, the State and Class Formation in the Newfoundland Fishery in Fairley, Bryant, Colin Leys, and James Sacouman (eds), 1990. Restructuring and Resistance: Perspectives from Atlantic Canada, Garamond, Toronto.
Farid, Hilmar, 2006. Masalah Kelas Dalam Ilmu Sosial Indonesia dalam Hadiz, Vedi R dan Daniel Dhakidae, 2006 (eds). Ilmu Sosial dan Kekuasaan di Indonesia. Equinox Publishing, Jakarta, Singapore.
Hamilton, Malcolm and Maria Hirszowicz, 1987. Class and Inequality in Pre-Industrial, Capitalist and Communist Societies. Wheatsheaf Books-Sussex, St. Martin’s Press-New York.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F., 1999. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Jufri, Muhammad, 2006. Konflik Kenelayanan di Kepulauan Spermonde: Analisis Terhadap Peristiwa Konflik Antar Nelayan. Tesis S-2 Magister Manajemen Pembangunan Sosial, Departemen Sosiologi, Universitas Indonesia.
Kinseng, Rilus A, 2006a. Konflik Kelas di Kalangan Kaum Nelayan di Indonesia (Sebuah Catatan Awal). Makalah disampaikan pada Workshop Nasional Riset Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan, Bogor 2-3 Agustus 2006.
______________, 2006b. Mengelola Konflik Nelayan: Belajar dari Kasus Balikpapan. Makalah disampaikan pada acara “Apresiasi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Ikan”, Bogor 14-16 November 2006.
______________, 2007. Kelas dan Konflik Kelas Pada Kaum Nelayan di Indonesia. Studi Kasus di Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur. Disertasi, Program Studi Sosiologi, Universitas Indonesia.
Kusnadi, 2002. Konflik Sosial Nelayan. Kemiskinan dan Perebutan Sumberdaya Perikanan. LKIS, Yogyakaarta.
Macdonald, Martha and M. Patricia Connelly, 1989. “Class and Gender in Fishing Communities in Nova Scotia”. Studies in Political Economy, 30, Autumn 1989, pp 61-85
MacNeil, Jim, Pieter Winsemius and Taizo Yakushiji, 1991. Beyond Interdependence. The Meshing of the World’s Economy and the Earth’s Ecology. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
Man, Michael, 1973. Consciousness and Action Among the Western Working Class. Macmillan.
Marshall, Catherine and Gretchen B. Rossman, 1989. Designing Qualitative Research. Sage Publication.
Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, 1948/1991. The Communist Manifesto. International Publishers, New York.
Muszynski, Alicja, 1986. “Class Formation and Class Consciousness: The Making of Shoreworkers in the BC Fishing Industry”. Studies in Political Economy 20, Summer 1986 pp 85-116.
Neis, Barbara, 1981. “Competitive Merchants and Class Struggle in Newfoundland”. Studies in Political Economy, No.5, Spring 1981, pp 127-143.
Neuman, W. Lawrence, 1997. Social Research Methods. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches (Third Edition). Allyn and Bacon.
Orr, James R. and Scott G. McNall, 1991. “Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century Kansas” in Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine and Rick Fantasia (editors), 1991. Bringing Class Back In. Contemporary and Historical Perspectives. Westview Press.
Pelras, Christian, 2006. Manusia Bugis. Nalar, Jakarta.
Rose, Gerry, 1983. Deciphering Sociological Research. Sage Publication, Inc.Beverly Hills/London/New Delhi.
Shaliza, Fara, 2004. Dinamika Konflik Antar Komunitas dan Transformasi Modal Sosial (Studi Kasus Konflik antara Komunitas Nelayan Parit III dan Melati di Kabupaten Bengkalis, Provinsi Riau). Tesis Magister Sains pada Program Studi Sosiologi Pedesaan, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, 1975. Social Classes in Agrarian Societies (trans. by Judy Alder Hellman). Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
Turner, Jonathan H., 1998. The Structure of Sociological Theory (Fifth Ed), Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
Van Parijs, Philippe, 1989. “A Revolution in Class Theory” in Wright, Erik Olin et al. The Debate on Classes. Verso.
Wallace, Ruth A. and Alison Wolf, 1999. Contemporary Sociological Theory. Expanding the Classical Tradition (Fifth Ed). Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Wright, Erik Olin, 1987. Classes. Verso, London-New York.
______________, 1991. “The Conceptual Status of Class Structure in Class Analysis” in Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine and Rick Fantasia (editors), 1991. Bringing Class Back In. Contemporary and Historical Perspectives. Westview Press.
______________, 2002. The Shadow of Exploitation in Weber’s Class Analysis. American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, December 2002.
Wright, Erik O and Donmoon Cho, 1992. The Relative Permeability of Class Boundaries to Cross-Class Friendships: A Comparative Study of the United States, Canada, Sweden, and Norway. American Sociological Review, Vol.57, No.1, February 1992.
Yamin, Muhammad dan Dhe, 2005. Sisi Gelap Kehidupan Nelayan Deli Serdang dalam Nur Hafsah (Penyunting), 2005. Potret Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Petani dan Nelayan. Sekretariat Bina desa.
