Journal of Rural Indonesia [JORI]

Measuring and Mapping Social Capital Through Assessment of Collective Action to Protect the Irrigation in Lakbok Sub-District, Ciamis Regency, Province of West Java, Indonesia

Tomi Setiawan — 2017-04-18

Social capital is a popular concept in the literature of development, and development agencies at this time. This study examines the relationship between measures of social capital with the protection of irrigation in five villages in Lakbok sub-district, Ciamis Regency, by taking research focused on the village which has the largest irrigated rice fields. The data collection includes literature survey, site survey, as well as interviews and fill out questionnaires on selected respondents in five villages evenly distributed either sex male or female, then do also five sessions focus group discussions (FGDs) with village leaders and elected representatives, as well as the data obtained from the relevant village official monograph documents the village. Then con- ducted data analysis of quantitative and qualitative (mixed method). The result, social capital owned five villages in Lakbok Sub-district in general has been corrupted. afterwards, in measures of social capital for the protection of irrigation, there are similarities and differences in the results for one village to another. villagers do not actively participate in the protection of irrigation. The capacity of social capital such as the activity of the community, tolerance, and religious values are strong not fully utilized for the protection and management of irrigation.

Keywords: mapping social capital, collective action, management of irrigation

Japanese Community-Based Farming (Shurakueino): A Perspective for Empowerment of Indonesian Farmer`s Group

Naoko Goto — 2017-04-18

In Indonesia, there are many farmer`s groups. One of them is known as Kelompok Tani which expanded at the time of the Green Revolution in Indonesia. Most recently, the Kelompok Tani is organized under a larger group called the Gapoktan, and, in this era of democratization, manages its own activities as a self-governed organization. However, due to economical, technical, political problems and other factors, they seem like somewhat stagnated. As one possible solution to overcome these challenges, this paper attempts to introduce Japanese community-based farming (shurakueino). World War II, especially from the middle of 1950s until the 1970s, Japan experienced high economic growth and became one of the most developed countries in the world. However, rural society started to suffer from many problems from 1970s, such as large scale exodus of the youth from rural to urban areas, aging of the population, decreases in activities of rural society and so on. One of the consequences was stagnation of agriculture production and productivity. Many agricultural lands were abandoned. In this situation, many Japanese farmers made attempts to overcome these problems. One of those actions was community-based farming (shurakueino). This is a farmer`s organization created and managed by local farmers. This organi- zation usually consolidates farmland in the village and cultivates the land with members participating in the community-based farming. These days, such organizations have incorporated, becoming companies that can manage production, processing, distribution, and sales on its own. They also work on activities unrelated to farming with other villagers. Every organization has a different strategy to improve its farming and the com- munity in their village through community-based farming. This paper shows my observation on the three cases of successful community farming organization Tagirinosan, Kitanohara, and Sunfarm Hoyoji, in Na- gano, and Shiga prefecture. This paper intends to introduce a case study of Japanese farming organizations to show a perspective for the empowerment of Indonesian farmer`s group.

Keywords: farmer`s group, community-based farming, self-governed organization

The Relation Between Village Council (BPD) and Village Government (PEMDES): Conflict, Conspiracy, and Consensus

Donie Kadewandana — 2017-04-18

The aim of study is to analyze the relation between Village Council (BPD) and Village Government (PEMDES). As we know, Village Council or BPD (Badan Permusyawaratan Desa) is a village institution as media to channeling aspirations of rural communities. While Village Government or PEMDES (Pemerintah Desa includes Village Head and Village Authorities) is the executives who run government at the village level. The study findings is indicates that relation of Village Council and Village Head on 1999 to 2004, while the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999, which at that time BPD was still called as Village Council (Representative) has not worked well since it often emerges a number of conflicts at the village level. The presence of BPD who oversees the village government at that time was often seen as an obstacle to the power of Village Head. Therefore, the village head then used strategies to soften BPD to no longer be a barrier at the end to a pattern of conspiracy. From that power relation is still possible to materialize the consensus pattern that creates peace between each two sides. Then on 2005, when the enactment of Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation No. 72 of 2005, the escalation of conflict at the village level started to decrease due to the authority of BPD is transformed from Village Council (Representative) to Village Council (Consultative). BPD in those Law is defined as the organizer of Village Government, equally to Village Head. Thus, the intensity from both relations can be integrated.

Keywords: village council, democracy, conflict, local politic

The Contribution of Agroforestry To Rural Household Income at the Grand Forest Park

Windy Mardiqa Riani — 2017-04-18

Agroforestry is a form of land management system that combines agriculture with trees. Agroforestry have been much practiced in rural areas to enhance the area’s economic conditions. It is often practiced on com- munity-owned land through the harvesting of fruits, timbers, and food plants like paddy, tubers, spices, and vegetable. As indicated by various literatures, most of the contributions were attained from fruits, followed by food plant and timbers. Such would raised a question as to the economic contribution of agroforestry if practiced on government-owned land that do not allow the cutting of timbers and intensive agriculture such as in protected areas that have specific function as biodiversity preservation sites. This research was carried out in Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park, a protected area within the Province of Lampung, Indonesia. The sampled areas comprised of three villages directly adjacent to the Park where the majority of the people worked in agroforestry farms within the Park. Respondents were selected through random sampling method. The role of agroforestry in incresing farm income were evident by its contribution which amounted to 45.96% of the total household’s income through the selling of fruits and food plants to the local wholesalers. Income from agroforestry were able to meet almost half (49,26%) of the rural livelihood’s needs. The most dominant plants that generated high incomes in the three villages were coffee (Anacolosa frutescens) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao).

Keywords: agroforestry, wan abdul rachman, grand forest park, rural household

Political Ecology of Sasi Laut: Power Relation on Society-Based Coastal Management

Ahmad Mony — 2017-04-18

The coastal resources management cannot be separated from the power relation of all stakeholders with their interest on beneficial aspects. Some stakeholders may have similar interests, and some others have the dif- ferent ones with their own strategies in terms of meeting their interests. This kind of relation may take place in some forms, such as direct confrontation, physical resistance, persuasion, or collaboration. It may also be in the form of single form, yet flexible and dynamic, depends on the local and national politic situation. The existence of sasi laut is included in power relation dynamics with its own effects. The result of the study shows that the effect of this power relation, both in internal and external levels, tends to weaken the sasi laut. The power relation in the form of confrontation and physical resistance decreased the society compliance as well delegitimized the authorized boards. In contrast, the collaborative relation with external stakeholder like non-governmental organizations, universities, and donor organizations not only strengthened the capacity of the NGO and their organizations, this relation also would result in such centralized figures and empow- erment capitalization in which weakens the sasi laut application.

Keywords: coastal resources, sasi laut, power relation, centralized figures, empowerment capitalization

Farmer’s Motivational Factor on Farmers Managed-Extension Activities (FMA)’S Adoption in Temanggung Regency

Hanifah Ihsaniyati — 2017-04-18

Farmers Managed-Extension Activities (FMA) provides substantial benefits to the farming community empowerment, especially for the improvement of information services for farmers. Consider the benefits and objectives are achieved , then this great program requires rigorous evaluation and mentoring to monitor progress . Previous survey showed no understanding of the diversity of farmers’ level , the percentage decrease in the number of farmers who apply from 2010 (64.56 %) to the year 2011 (48.23 %), and parthnership between farmers and traders only 35.9 % (still small). On the other hand, there is saturation analysis tools in studies on adoption. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the motivational factors of farmers against the FMA program. The method used in this research was models the Technology Acceptance Model using Structural Equation Models with analysis tools , namely PLS (Partial Least Square). The results showed (1) Perception of farmers to ease was not significantly related to the attitude of farmers towards FMA at a significance level of 0.43 (p value); (2) Perception of farmers on the benefits / uses significantly associated with attitudes of farmers towards FMA at the 0.01 level (p value), (3) ability to absorb farmers are not significantly related to the attitude of farmers towards FMA at a significance level of 0.48 (p value), (4) the diversity of the media associated significantly with the attitude of farmers towards FMA at the 0.01 signif- icance level (p value), (5) attitude significantly associated with implementing farmers ‘ intentions / FMA adoption at a significance level of 1.90539 E - 08 (p value), (6) intention farmers significantly associated with implementing farmers’ behavior/FMA adoption at a significance level of 3.14341 E - 08 (p value).

Keywords : FMA, adoption, farmer,extension, empowerment

Class, Income, and Class Consciousness of Labor Fishers

Rilus A. Kinseng — 2015-11-25

There have been debates on the role of class in “influencing” income inequality in contemporary societies. Some argue that class position is no longer relevant in determing one’s income, while others argue that class still counts. Therefore, it is very interesting to investigate relations between class structure and income among fishers in Indonesia. Furthermore, Marxian argued that class position will determine class consciousness. Therefore, it is interesting to study the class consciousness of labor fishers in Indonesia. Analyzing relations between class structure and income as well as class consciousness of labor fishers in Indonesia is especially very interesting and important since fishers have a very typical patront-client relationships. Moreover, study of this subject in Indonesia is still limited. This study has three main objectives: first to investigate the class structure of fishers and how this structure has been formed, second to analyse the income of fishers in different class locations, and third to analyze class consciousness of labor fishers. This study uses combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The study was conducted in Indramayu, West Java in 2013. Our analysis shows that the class structure of fishers consists of four main classes, namely large-scale, medium-scale, small-scale, and labor classes. These classes have been formed through complex and long processes, including the so-called “modernization” programmes promoted by the government. In term of income, the study shows that there are significant differences of income among fishers in different class locations. The Gini Ratio is very high, that is 0.88. Thus, class structure does influence fishers’ income significantly. Furthermore, this study finds that class consciousness of labor fishers has not fully developed yet. Labor class is a class in itself, but not class for itself. © 2014 Journal of Rural Indonesia [JoRI] IPB. All rights reserved.

Keywords: fishers, class structure, income, class consciousness